Physicists Linking Magnetism and Electronic-​band Topology

 for Possible Applications in Electronic Components

Materials that combine topological electronic properties and quantum magnetism are of high current interest, for the quantum many-body physics that can unfold in them and for possible applications in electronic components. For one such material, ETH physicists have now established the microscopic mechanism linking magnetism and electronic-​band topology.

Dirac matter is an intriguing class of materials with rather peculiar properties: electrons in these materials behave as if they had no mass. The most prominent Dirac material is graphene, but further members have been discovered during the past 15 years or so. Each one of them serves as a rich playground for exploring ‘exotic’ electronic behaviours, some of which hold the promise to enable novel components for electronics.

However, even if Dirac matter and other so-called topological materials — in which electrons behave in similarly unexpected ways — are among the currently most intensively studied condensed-​matter systems, there are only very few examples where the topology of the electronic bands is connected in a well-​defined manner to the magnetic properties of the materials.

One material in which such interplay between topological electronic states and magnetism has been observed is CaMnBi₂, but the mechanism connecting the two remained unclear.

Writing in Physical Review Letters [1], postdoc Run Yang and PhD student Matteo Corasaniti from the Optical Spectroscopy group of Prof. Leonardo Degiorgi at the Laboratory for Solid State Physics, working with colleagues at Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, now report a comprehensive study in which they provide clear evidence that it is a slight nudge on the magnetic moments, known as spin canting, that provokes substantial changes in the electronic band structure.

Compass points to the right direction on a bumpy road

CaMnBi₂ and the related compound SrMnBi₂ have recently attracted attention as they display quantum magnetism — the manganese ions are antiferromagnetically ordered at around room temperature and below — and at the same time they host Dirac electrons. That there is an interplay between the two properties has been suspected for some while, not least as at ~50 K there appears an unexpected ‘bump’ in the conduction properties at these materials. But the precise nature of this anomaly was still poorly understood until now.

In earlier work studying optical properties of CaMnBi₂ [2], Corasaniti, Yang and co-workers had established already a link to the electronic properties of the material. They used, in particular, the fact that the bump-​like anomaly in the transport properties can be shifted in temperature by replacing a proportion of the calcium atoms with sodium atoms.

To get now to the microscopic origins of the observed behaviour, they studied samples with different sodium dopings by torque magnetometry. In this technique, the torque on a magnetic sample is measured when it is exposed to a suitably strong field, similarly as a compass needle aligns with the Earth magnetic field. And this approach proved to point the team to the origins of the anomaly.

A firm link between magnetic and electronic properties

In their magnetic-​torque experiments, the researchers found that at temperatures where no anomaly is observed in the electronic transport measurements, the magnetic behaviour is such as one would expect for an antiferromagnet. This was not the case anymore at lower temperatures, where the anomaly is present. There, a ferromagnetic component appeared, which can be explained by a projection of magnetic moments onto the plane orthogonal to the easy spin c-​axis of the original antiferromagnetic order (see the figure). This phenomenon is known as spin-​canting, induced by a so-called superexchange mechanism.

These two sets of experiments — optical and torque measurements — were supported by dedicated first-principles calculations. In particular, for the case where spin canting was included in the calculations, a peculiar hybridization between the manganese and bismuth atoms was found to mediate the interlayer magnetic coupling and to govern the electronic properties in the material. Taken together, the study, therefore, establishes that sought-​after the direct link between the magnetic properties and changes to the electronic band structure, reflected in the bump anomaly of the transport properties.

With such detailed understanding on board, the door is now open to exploring not only the electronic properties of CaMnBi₂ and related compounds but also the possibilities arising from the connection between magnetic properties and topological states in these intriguing forms of matter.

References

1. Yang R, Corasaniti M, Le CC, Liao ZY, Wang AF, Du Q, Petrovic C, Qiu XG, Hu JP, Degiorgi L. Spin-canting-induced band reconstruction in the Dirac material Ca_1−xNa_xMnBi₂. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 137201 (2020). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.137201

2. Corasaniti M, Yang R, Pal A, Chinotti M, Degiorgi L, Wang A, Petrovic C. Fermi surface gapping in the Dirac material Ca_1−xNa_xMnBi₂. Phys. Rev. B 100, 041107(R) (2019). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.041107

Feature photo: Antiferromagnetic (top) and canted-​antiferromagnetic order (bottom). In the latter case the spins are canted relative to the easy c-​axis, leading to a ferromagnetic contribution in the plane orthogonal to that axis (represented by green arrows). source: ETH Zurich.

Source: ETH Zurich