Paper Capacitors

Paper Capacitors 

Under this headline, we deal mainly with pure paper dielectrics. At the same time, we ought to say that combinations of paper and plastic, i.e. mixed dielectrics, are rather common.

Formerly at least two impregnated paper foils were used because of the character of the paper. Today mixed dielectrics are used frequently where the paper is combined with plastic foils, usually polyester (PET) or polypropylene.

Because the summary tables following each presented material type don’t deal with the impregnation agents and mixed dielectrics separately we mention some of their characteristics in the following Table.

Table:  Tan δ, 1 kHz, and εr for some mixed dielectrics.

Oil impregnated paper is, above all, used in power, mains and in certain feed-through capacitors. In this handbook, we restrict ourselves to those smaller types which belong to the electronic components. They constitute a fading component category that more and more is replaced with plastic dielectrics.

In common mains and feed-through capacitors intended for consumer purposes, the casings contain only a faint amount of oil. Most of it exists in the paper foils. The impregnation is carried out in the vacuum on the finished winding after that the paper first has been dried carefully in an oven.

MP (metalized paper)

The first metalized film capacitor was built with metalized paper. The MP foil looks in principle as the one in the next Figure.

Figure:  Cross-section through an MP foil.

As impregnation agents solid substances like epoxy is predominant but vegetable oils may occur in certain types. The impregnation also protects the zinc metallization against aqueous corrosion and oxidation. Because the paper is porous and in certain points may contain some impurities or weaknesses one must in professional applications use designs with at least two layers of paper foils. The risk that a weak spot in one foil shall land opposite another one in the next layer is minimized. Instead of an extra paper foil nowadays mixed dielectrics are more and more frequently used with a polyester or polypropylene film together with the metalized paper foil. Also occurring are variants with a metalized plastic film and an impregnated paper foil.

The genuine MP capacitor once was falling out of use but concurrently with experiences from the plastic films it has witnessed a well-motivated renaissance. Above all it has to do with the need for transient protecting capacitors in mains applications. According to Table above the carbon deposit from self-healings produced during manufacture – so-called clearings – are uniquely low for cellulose materials at the same time as the necessary energy release stops at completely harmless levels (ΔV ≈ -10 mV… -1 V). See Figure Typical voltage drops DV_C at a self-healing (SH) in an MP and an MK capacitor under tension. SH_MP » SH_MK-structure.

Besides the MP capacitor has another advantage at pulse applications. Pulses mean steep voltage rise times and high charge and discharge currents. The usual zinc metallization together with an end spray metal consisting of a zinc compound (shopping metal) gives just that low ESR in the contact interface that is necessary for avoiding a local heating. Repe­ti­tive courses of pulse events may, on the other hand, create internal heating because of the dielectric losses. If the capacitor is used as an energy storing pulse transmitter part of the energy will be lost in the dielectric loss resistance R_d. The voltage V_c of the charged capacitor will at the discharge be voltage divided in V_d and V_L (Figure Energy loss in the dielectric at a pulse load).

Figure: Energy loss in the dielectric at a pulse load.

Transient suppression / X- and Y-capacitors

In the group of RFI capacitors that shall protect against Radio Frequency Interference so called X- and Y-capacitors are included. They are connected to the mains according to Figure Connecting of X- and Y-capacitors. There they also serve another important purpose. Transients strike namely every live mains relatively often. They may come from the ”outside” but may also be generated by our own equipment.

Between 80 and 90 % of all transients from the mains last between 1 and 10 μs, are higher than 1000 V, have voltage rise times of 200 to 2000 V/μs and are occurring at least 10 times a day. We realize that their damage must be eliminated. It is done by the X-capacitors which thus are connected between the lines of the mains.

The Y-capacitors represent another type of transient suppression. They are connected between either of the power lines and the grounded cover of electric equipment. Here we require an extra high safety against short-circuits in order to prevent the equipment being put under tension and thus causing serious personal injuries. Besides, the Y-capacitor shall have a limited capacitance in order not to bring about harmfully high currents through the human body in case of a possible open circuit in the ground wire (see Figure Connecting of X- and Y-capacitors).

Figure: Connecting of X- and Y-capacitors.

In order to verify that the X- and Y-capacitors really can withstand occurring transients, they must pass the following three tests without remarks.

1. Life test according to IEC 384-14, 1000 hrs at T_uc and 1.25xV_R + 1000 V_rms every hour for 0.1 s.

Figure: Life test of X- and Y-capacitors.

2. Surge voltage test according to 384-14. Three pulses of V_p = 2.5 to 5 kV depending on capacitor type.

Figure: Surge voltage test of X- and Y-capacitors.

3. Charge and discharge test according to IEC 384-14. 10 000 pulses at 100 V/s and 2xV_R.

Figure: Charge and discharge test of X and Y capacitors.

X- and Y-capacitors must have approval by national inspection authorities in order to be used in respective countries. In the manufacturers’ catalogs, it could be written: ”approved by SEMKO” (Sweden), by DEMKO (Denmark), by VDE (Germany), by UL (USA), by BSI (Great Britain) etc. Now all European check routines are collected in one standard, EN 13 24 00. The USA standards are collected under UL and the Canadian under CSA.

MP or MK? 

In X- and Y-capacitor applications we have to count on self-healing breakdowns. The voltage drop caused by a self-healing depends on the energy that is consumed in order to evaporate dielectric and metalizing. Here MPs with their zinc metalizing have been superior to plastic film capacitors which by tradition have had an Al metallization whose evaporation process requires several times higher energy than Zn. Nowadays, however, plastic film capacitors (MK) are brought on the market with metallization alloys based on the advantageous characteristics of zinc but without its tendency towards aqueous corrosion.

Further on there exist special designs of metallized plastic films where a segmented metallization is used, sometimes called a structure metallization. The surface is divided into mutually demarcated elements that are within reach of the charging current via narrow gates. At a self-healing, the surge current burns them off. See example in Figures Example of a structure metallized foil and the self-healing current. and Grid-like metallization pattern. below. The surface element is isolated and the discharge current from other elements is cut off as well as the beginning voltage drop. One gets approximately the same energy limitation as by a self-healing in an MP capacitor, especially if the structure metallization is combined with choices of modern metalizing alloys. The following Figure  shows typical self-healing effects on the voltage  drop over a capacitor.

Figure:  Typical voltage drops DV_C at a self-healing (SH) in an MP and an MK capacitor under tension. SH_MP » SH_MK-structure.

The metalized plastic films (MK) that hitherto have been used are polyester (MKT) and polypropylene (MKP). The latter need not be structure metalized due to its excellent self-healing chemistry. Combined with very thin ZnAl metalizing the design gets the same characteristics as structure metalized MK. In addition, its high-frequency characteristics are superior to those of other films.

Figure:  Example of a structure metallized foil and the self-healing current.

The metalizing in structured surface elements makes great demands for the design. Even if cost-effective methods are developed they involve a certain rise in prices. The simplified segmented metallization in this Figure actually consists of a grid-like pattern that is distributed over the whole surface.

Figure:   Grid-like metallization pattern.

Another, and very interesting, structure metallization consists of metalized circular surfaces on top of a thin, high surface resistivity metalizing that covers the total surface. The weak circular joints serve together with the thin underlying metallization as fusing elements. The fusing function is favored by metallization of zinc or low energy alloy.

Every self-healing reduces the capacitance correspondingly to the surface reduction. The author’s opinion is that the MP capacitor still is superior to structure metalized MK types. But, of course, both types meet current standards and safety requirements.

Figure:   Schematic of segmented metallization.

Temperature and frequency dependencies

Following diagrams show some typical graphs for the temperature and frequency dependence of paper capacitors.

Figure:  Typical curve area for the temperature dependence of the IR for MP capacitors.

Figure: Examples of impedance versus frequency for MP capacitors with different capacitance and lead space.

Figure:  Capacitance C versus temperature T for MP and oil impregnated paper capacitors.

Figure: Typical frequency dependence of the capacitance for paper capacitors.

Figure:  Typical temperature dependence of the dissipation factor for an MP capacitor.

Figure: Typical frequency dependence of the dissipation factor for an MP capacitor.

In capacitors with rather high losses as, for example, electrolytics the reactance curves reach the ESR contribution at frequencies far away from the resonance frequency. Here produces the dipole dependent capacitance decrease a deviation upwards from the initial reactance curve.

Failure modes

Penetrating moisture represents the greatest threat against paper capacitors because the paper absorbs humidity that in turn affects the IR and damages the dielectric. Concerning hermetic components. In foil capacitors internal, freely suspended terminal wires run the risk of vibrating to disruption.

Survey table 

Just as concerning resistors we conclude every material group with a survey table. Two electrode designs occur: metalized and foil. When we in the headings write foil or met it thus refers to the electrode type.

Table:  POLYESTER (PET) / MYLAR / KT / MKT